Glossary

Burma (Myanmar) is a country in Asia.

This country is on position 56 (47, 61) in our monthly Top100 of Countries.

Bordering Areas (clockwise, starting in the north)

• China,
• Laos,
• Thailand,
• Indien,
• Bangladesch

Burma

Introduction

Burma, officially known as Myanmar, is a Southeast Asian country located between India, China, Thailand, Laos, and Bangladesh. With a diverse cultural heritage and a complex history, it is one of the largest nations in the region, covering over 676,000 square kilometres (261,000 square miles). Known for its ancient temples, natural beauty, and rich traditions, Burma is a nation of immense potential, yet it faces significant political and social challenges.

Geography and Climate

Burma's geography is diverse, with a mix of mountains, plateaus, and river valleys. The Irrawaddy River is the country’s longest and most important waterway, running through central Myanmar and supporting agriculture. The Himalayan foothills extend into the north, while the central region is a dry zone bordered by fertile plains.

The climate is tropical monsoon, with three distinct seasons: a hot season from March to May, a rainy season from June to October, and a cooler dry season from November to February. Coastal areas and the delta region receive heavy rainfall, while the central dry zone experiences arid conditions.

History and Culture

Burma's history dates back thousands of years, with ancient kingdoms like Bagan and Pagan influencing Southeast Asia's cultural and religious landscape. The Bagan Kingdom, famous for its architectural splendour, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site with thousands of temples and pagodas. The country came under British colonial rule in the 19th century and gained independence in 1948.

Culturally, Burma is deeply rooted in Theravāda Buddhism, which shapes its art, festivals, and daily life. Traditional festivals like Thingyan (the Burmese New Year Water Festival) and the Thadingyut Festival of Lights are celebrated nationwide. Burmese is the official language, though over 100 ethnic groups contribute to a rich tapestry of languages and traditions.

Government and Politics

Burma has undergone significant political changes in recent decades. After decades of military rule, a transition to a quasi-civilian government began in 2011, but the military retained significant power. In February 2021, a coup d’état returned full control to the military, sparking nationwide protests and international condemnation.

The country is governed by a military-led administration, with a constitution that grants the military considerable authority. The political landscape remains volatile, with ongoing conflicts between the military and various ethnic groups seeking autonomy.

Economy

Burma’s economy is primarily based on agriculture, which employs the majority of its population. Major crops include rice, pulses, and sugarcane. The country is also rich in natural resources, such as jade, gemstones, oil, and natural gas, which contribute to export revenues.

Challenges like corruption, sanctions, and lack of infrastructure hinder economic growth. Informal trade and illicit activities, particularly in the jade and drug industries, further complicate the economy. Tourism has significant potential but remains underdeveloped due to political instability.

Society and Demographics

Burma has a population of over 55 million people, comprising a diverse array of ethnic groups, including the Burman majority and minorities such as the Shan, Karen, and Rohingya. This diversity is both a strength and a source of tension, as ethnic conflicts have persisted for decades.

Buddhism is the dominant religion, but there are also significant Christian, Muslim, and Hindu communities. Traditional family structures and communal living are central to Burmese society, with rural areas maintaining age-old practices.

Tourism

Tourism in Burma is centered on its cultural and natural attractions. Highlights include the ancient city of Bagan, with thousands of temples, the iconic Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, and the serene Inle Lake, known for its floating villages and leg-rowing fishermen. The pristine Ngapali Beach offers a tranquil getaway, while the Golden Rock at Kyaiktiyo is a popular pilgrimage site.

Despite its beauty, tourism is impacted by the country’s political situation and calls for ethical travel due to human rights concerns.

Education and Innovation

The education system in Burma faces significant challenges, including underfunding and outdated curricula. Primary and secondary education is compulsory, but access in rural areas is limited. Higher education is offered at institutions like Yangon University and Mandalay University, but political interference has historically hindered progress.

There is growing interest in innovation, particularly in agriculture and renewable energy, though investments are limited by political instability.

Well-Known Personalities

Notable figures from Burma include:

• Aung San Suu Kyi: A Nobel Peace Prize laureate and political leader.
• U Thant: The third Secretary-General of the United Nations.
• Min Thu Wun: A celebrated poet and writer who contributed to modern Burmese literature.
• Kyi Aye: A well-known artist and sculptor.

Challenges and Opportunities

Burma faces numerous challenges, including political instability, ethnic conflicts, and economic underdevelopment. The plight of the Rohingya minority has drawn international attention and condemnation. Environmental issues, such as deforestation and resource depletion, also pose threats.

Opportunities exist in leveraging the country's natural resources, developing its tourism industry, and fostering regional trade partnerships. Improved governance, peacebuilding, and international collaboration could unlock Burma's potential.

Weblinks

• Official Government of Myanmar
• Myanmar Tourism Board
• UNDP in Myanmar
• Yangon University
• Human Rights Watch - Myanmar
• Wikipedia
• Pictures from flickr about Burma
• Google Search for News about Burma
• Google Search for Pictures about Burma
• Qwant Search for web, social items and news about Burma
• Google Maps interactive (+StreetView) about Burma

Summary

Burma is a nation of extraordinary cultural richness and natural beauty, shaped by a complex history and diverse population. While it faces significant challenges in governance, human rights, and economic development, it holds vast potential for growth through its resources, tourism, and strategic location. The future of Burma depends on achieving political stability and fostering inclusive development.