Glossary

Antarctica is a region in Antarctica. It has no formal structure to be a country.

This country is on position 207 (212) in our monthly Top100 of Countries

Bordering Areas (clockwise, starting in the north)

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Articles with 'Antarctica' in the title

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Antarctica

Introduction

Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent, encompassing the geographic South Pole and situated almost entirely within the Antarctic Circle. Covering an area of approximately 14 million square kilometres (5.4 million square miles), it is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent. Antarctica has no permanent human inhabitants, but it plays a critical role in global climate regulation and is a hub for scientific research.

Geography and Climate

Antarctica is dominated by a vast ice sheet that covers about 98% of its surface, containing around 70% of the planet's freshwater. Key geographical features include the Transantarctic Mountains, the Antarctic Peninsula, and subglacial lakes such as Lake Vostok. The coastline is marked by massive ice shelves like the Ross Ice Shelf and the Ronne Ice Shelf.

The climate is extreme, with winter temperatures dropping below -60°C (-76°F) and summer temperatures rarely exceeding -20°C (-4°F). Winds can reach hurricane force, and precipitation is minimal, classifying much of the continent as a polar desert.

History and Culture

Antarctica has no indigenous population or traditional culture. Its history is shaped by exploration and scientific discovery. The continent was first sighted in the early 19th century, with explorers like James Cook, Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, and Ernest Shackleton making significant contributions. The Antarctic Treaty, signed in 1959, established the continent as a zone dedicated to peace and science, prohibiting military activity and mineral mining.

Cultural aspects are limited to the multinational research stations where scientists and support staff from various countries collaborate. These stations sometimes celebrate shared events like midwinter festivals.

Government and Politics

Antarctica is not governed by any single country. Instead, the Antarctic Treaty System oversees the continent, with 56 signatory nations committed to maintaining its peaceful and scientific purpose. The treaty designates Antarctica as a demilitarised zone and promotes international cooperation in research. Disputes over territorial claims are held in abeyance under the treaty, ensuring that no new claims can be made.

Economy

Antarctica does not have a traditional economy. Economic activities are limited to scientific research and logistical support. Some nations conduct fishing and limited tourism operations in the surrounding Southern Ocean. Commercial exploitation, such as mining, is prohibited under the Antarctic Treaty. The cost of maintaining research stations and supporting operations is significant, with nations investing heavily in these efforts.

Society and Demographics

There is no permanent population in Antarctica. The continent hosts a transient population of around 1,000 to 5,000 people, depending on the season, who reside in research stations operated by various countries. These individuals are typically scientists, engineers, and support staff. Despite harsh conditions, these stations foster international camaraderie and collaboration.

Tourism

Tourism in Antarctica is strictly regulated to minimise environmental impact. Visitors arrive primarily by cruise ships, exploring sites like the Antarctic Peninsula, Deception Island, and the South Shetland Islands. Popular activities include wildlife observation, particularly penguins, seals, and whales, as well as ice trekking and photography. The unique landscapes and pristine environment make Antarctica a once-in-a-lifetime destination.

Education and Innovation

Antarctica is a hub for cutting-edge scientific research, particularly in climate science, glaciology, and astrophysics. The continent’s extreme environment offers a natural laboratory for studying global warming, ice dynamics, and ecosystems. Research stations such as McMurdo (USA), Vostok (Russia), and Concordia (France and Italy) contribute to advancements in science and technology.

Well-Known Personalities

Notable figures associated with Antarctica include:

• Ernest Shackleton: An early 20th-century explorer known for his endurance expedition.
• Roald Amundsen: The first person to reach the South Pole in 1911.
• Robert Falcon Scott: A British explorer who led expeditions to the South Pole.
• Dr. Jerri Nielsen: A physician who famously performed surgery on herself while stationed at the South Pole.

Challenges and Opportunities

Antarctica faces significant challenges, including the effects of climate change, which are causing ice sheets to melt and threatening global sea levels. The continent is also vulnerable to environmental degradation due to human activity, such as tourism and scientific operations.

Opportunities lie in advancing global cooperation for scientific research and leveraging Antarctica's data for addressing climate change. Enhanced renewable energy usage in research stations and stricter environmental protocols can help preserve the continent’s fragile ecosystem.

Weblinks

• Antarctic Treaty System
• Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
• British Antarctic Survey
• National Science Foundation - US Antarctic Program
• International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators
• Wikipedia
• Pictures from flickr about Antarctica

• Google Search for News about Antarctica
• Google Search for Pictures about Antarctica
• Qwant Search for web, social items and news about Antarctica
• Google Maps interactive (+StreetView) about Antarctica

Summary

Antarctica is a unique continent dedicated to science and global cooperation, with no permanent population or traditional economy. Its vast ice sheets and extreme climate make it a critical player in understanding climate change and preserving the Earth’s environment. Challenges like climate impacts and environmental preservation highlight the importance of continued international efforts to protect this extraordinary part of the world.